Esophageal · EC

mOS 15.3 vs 12.0 mo (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.56-0.88, p=0.001); mPFS 6.9 vs 5.6 mo (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.46-0.68, p<0.001); met both coprimary endpoints

Population: Previously untreated advanced or metastatic ESCC

ESCC+CPS>=10 mOS 13.9 vs 8.8 mo (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43-0.75, p<0.0001); all pts mOS 12.4 vs 9.8 mo (HR 0.73, p<0.0001); PFS in all 6.3 vs 5.8 mo (HR 0.65, p<0.0001)

Population: Previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer (ESCC or adenocarcinoma) or Siewert type 1 GEJ cancer, regardless of PD-L1

TC PD-L1>=1%: nivo+chemo mOS 15.4 vs 9.1 mo (HR 0.54); nivo+ipi mOS 13.7 vs 9.1 mo (HR 0.64); overall: nivo+chemo 13.2 vs 10.7 mo (HR 0.74); nivo+ipi 12.7 vs 10.7 mo (HR 0.78); all primary endpoints met

Population: Previously untreated unresectable advanced, recurrent, or metastatic ESCC

mPFS HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.46-0.74, p<0.0001); OS HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.43-0.78, p=0.0004); both primary endpoints met at interim

Population: Treatment-naive advanced ESCC

All pts mOS 16.7 vs 12.5 mo (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.78, p<0.001); CPS>=10 mOS 17.2 vs 13.6 mo (HR 0.64, p=0.002); PFS 7.2 vs 5.7 mo (HR 0.56)

Population: Systemic-therapy-naive locally advanced or metastatic ESCC

mPFS 5.8 vs 5.3 mo (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.48-0.75, p<0.0001); mOS 15.3 vs 11.8 mo (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53-0.87, p=0.002)

Population: Previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic ESCC with PD-L1 CPS >=1

mOS 17.2 vs 10.6 mo (stratified HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54-0.80, one-sided p<0.0001); first global 1L ESCC trial demonstrating >6-mo OS gain

Population: Previously untreated advanced or metastatic ESCC, regardless of PD-L1

mPFS 6.2 vs 5.4 mo (HR 0.67, p=0.0002); mOS 15.3 vs 11.5 mo (HR 0.70, p=0.008); ORR 60.1% vs 45.2%; both primary endpoints met

Population: Previously untreated unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)

mOS 10.9 vs 8.4 mo (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.96, p=0.019); grade 3-4 TRAE 18% vs 63% — IO toxicity much lower than taxane

Population: Unresectable advanced or recurrent ESCC refractory or intolerant to prior fluoropyrimidine plus platinum chemotherapy, regardless of PD-L1

ORR 9.9% all (95% CI 5.2-16.7); ESCC 14.3%; CPS>=10 13.8%; durable responses >12 mo; safety acceptable

Population: Advanced esophageal cancer (ESCC or adenocarcinoma/GEJ) progressed after >=2 prior systemic therapies

mOS 8.3 vs 6.2 mo (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57-0.87, p=0.001); Chinese-only population; taxane/irinotecan control

Population: Advanced or metastatic ESCC progressed after or intolerant to first-line therapy

CPS>=10 mOS 9.3 vs 6.7 mo (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.93, p=0.0074); SCC mOS 8.2 vs 7.1 mo (HR 0.78); all-comer OS miss (HR 0.89, p=0.056)

Population: Advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer (squamous or adenocarcinoma) progressed after one prior therapy

mOS 10.2 vs 9.4 mo (CF vs CFP; HR 1.17, p=0.43); trial stopped early for FUTILITY + safety; grade 5 events 4.3% vs 23.6%

Population: Non-resectable advanced or metastatic ESCC, first-line

mPFS 3.02 vs 1.41 mo (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32-0.66, p<0.001); OS not reached in abstract; grade 3-4 hypertension 16%

Population: Recurrent or metastatic ESCC previously treated with chemotherapy

mOS 7.2 mo (95% CI 5.7-12.4) in elderly ESCC 2L with nivo+ipi, historically better than chemo

Population: Elderly (>=65 years) ESCC patients with disease progression or recurrence after first-line therapy

All pts mOS 8.6 vs 6.3 mo (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.85, p=0.0001); PD-L1 TAP>=10% mOS 10.3 vs 6.8 mo (HR 0.54); ORR 20.3% vs 9.8%; grade>=3 TRAE 18.8% vs 55.8%

Population: Advanced or metastatic ESCC after first-line progression

Confirmed ORR 34.6% (95% CI 22.0-49.1); grade>=3 TRAE 44% (mostly transaminase elevation); no treatment-related deaths

Population: Unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic ESCC progressed after or intolerant to first-line chemotherapy

Confirmed ORR 10.2%, DCR 69.4%, mPFS 4.6 mo, mOS 7.5 mo in post-ICI ESCC; did NOT reach clinically meaningful ORR threshold

Population: Advanced ESCC with prior immune checkpoint inhibitor exposure

Median OS 49.4 vs 24.0 mo (HR 0.657, 95% CI 0.495-0.871, P=0.003); R0 92% vs 69%; pCR 29%. In-hospital mortality 4% both arms.

Population: Resectable esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancer (75% adenocarcinoma, 23% SCC)

5y OS 55% (preop CF) vs 43% (postop CF); HR 0.73, P=0.04. Preoperative CF > postoperative CF.

Population: Stage II/III (excluding T4) thoracic ESCC

Median OS 48.6 vs 24.0 mo (HR 0.68, P=0.003) at 7y median follow-up. SCC subgroup dramatic benefit (HR 0.48, mOS 81.6 vs 21.1 mo); AC benefit also significant (HR 0.73).

Population: Clinically resectable locally advanced esophageal or GEJ cancer (T1N1M0 or T2-3N0-1M0), both SCC and adenocarcinoma, minimum 5-year follow-up

mOS 100.1 vs 66.5 mo (HR 0.71, P=.025); pCR 43.2%; R0 98.4% vs 91.2%. DFS HR 0.58 (P<.001).

Population: Potentially resectable thoracic ESCC clinical stage T1-4N1M0 or T4N0M0

10y OS 38% (nCRT+surgery) vs 25% (surgery alone); absolute benefit 13%. Cancer-specific death HR 0.60. Locoregional relapse HR 0.40.

Population: Clinically resectable locally advanced esophageal or GEJ cancer (both SCC and adenocarcinoma), 10-year follow-up

5y OS 59.9% vs 49.1% (HR 0.74, P=.03); 5y DFS 63.6% vs 43.0% (HR 0.60).

Population: Thoracic ESCC clinical stage T1-4N1M0 or T4N0M0, long-term follow-up

mOS 48.0 vs 49.2 mo; 3y OS 55% vs 57% (HR 1.03, P=0.82). pCR and R0 higher with CROSS but OS/DFS equivalent.

Population: cT2-3 N0-3 M0 adenocarcinoma of oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction

3y OS NeoCF+D 72.1% vs NeoCF 62.6% (HR 0.68, P=0.006); NeoCF+RT 68.3% (HR 0.84, NS). Triplet DCF wins; adding RT to CF did NOT improve OS.

Population: Untreated locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), age 20-75, ECOG 0-1

mDFS 22.4 vs 11.0 mo (HR 0.69, 96.4% CI 0.56-0.86, P<0.001). Approved globally as SoC adjuvant for non-pCR EC/GEJ post-neoadj CRT.

Population: Resected (R0) stage II/III esophageal or GEJ cancer with residual pathological disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

pCR 55.6% (10/18 resected); G3+ AEs 65% (lymphopenia most common); no surgical delay; one treatment-related death (grade V AE).

Population: Resectable ESCC, any PD-L1 status

pCR 28.0% (Cam+nab-TP) vs 15.4% (Cam+TP) vs 4.7% (TP); both IO arms significantly superior. EFS immature. G3+ TRAE 34.1%/29.2%/28.8%.

Population: Resectable thoracic locally advanced ESCC (T1b-3N1-3M0 or T3N0M0)

MPR 72%, pCR 41%; 2y OS 91%, 2y DFS 89%. No grade ≥3 AEs during neoadjuvant phase.

Population: Locally advanced resectable ESCC

2y OS 78.1%; 2y RFS 67.9%; MPR strongly prognostic (2y OS 91% vs 48%); distant metastasis dominant recurrence pattern.

Population: Clinical N2-3 ESCC (high nodal burden), resectable

Median OS 12.5 vs 8.9 mo; 2y OS 38% vs 10% (P<0.001) for CRT (cisplatin/5-FU + 50 Gy) vs RT-alone (64 Gy). Established definitive chemoradiotherapy as a curative option.

Population: Localized thoracic esophageal carcinoma (squamous or adenocarcinoma)

5-year OS 26% (CRT) vs 0% (RT-alone); 8-year OS 22% CRT vs 0% RT-alone. Durable benefit of adding chemotherapy to RT.

Population: Locally advanced T1-3 N0-1 M0 thoracic esophageal carcinoma (squamous or adenocarcinoma), long-term follow-up

2y OS 34% (surgery) vs 40% (CRT-continuation), HR 0.90, P=0.44 (NS); 3-month mortality 9.3% vs 0.8% (P=0.002). No survival benefit from adding surgery to CRT-response in ESCC.

Population: Operable T3N0-1M0 thoracic esophageal cancer (predominantly squamous) who responded to induction chemoradiotherapy

Median OS 34.5 mo (dCRT) vs 24.7 mo (dCRT+cetuximab), HR 1.25 (NS); cetuximab arm worse. Importantly, dCRT-alone arm's mOS 34.5 mo is a UK-contemporary benchmark for the CapOx + 50Gy definitive CRT regimen.

Population: Esophageal cancer (~73% squamous) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy

Design paper only; OS/EFS dual primary endpoints. Enrollment completed; results awaited as of early 2026.

Population: Locally advanced unresectable esophageal or GEJ cancer, first-line (design paper; trial ongoing)

In-hospital pulmonary infection 34% (open) vs 12% (MIE), RR 0.35, P=0.005. 2-week pulmonary infection 29% vs 9%, P=0.005.

Population: Resectable esophageal or GEJ cancer, age 18-75

After matching, 3y OS SALV 43.3% vs NCRS 40.1% (NS); in-hospital mortality similar (8.4% vs 9.3%); higher leak rate with SALV (17.2% vs 10.7%).

Population: Esophageal cancer undergoing resection at 30 European centres 2000-2010 (propensity-matched cohort)

3y OS 40.4% (open) vs 50.5% (MIE), HR 0.88 (NS); 3y DFS 35.9% vs 40.2%, HR 0.69 (NS). Oncologic equivalence confirmed.

Population: Resectable intrathoracic esophageal cancer including Siewert I GEJ, 3-year follow-up

Overall surgery-related complications 59% (RAMIE) vs 80% (OTE), RR 0.74, P=0.02; pulmonary complications RR 0.54; cardiac RR 0.47; oncologic outcomes comparable.

Population: Resectable intrathoracic esophageal cancer

Mean TTB 2.3× lower with PBT (17.4 vs 39.9); postop complication score 7.6× lower with PBT (2.5 vs 19.1); 3y PFS and OS similar (~50% / 44.5%).

Population: Locally advanced esophageal cancer treated with definitive or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

5y OS 41% (RAMIE) vs 40% (OTE), P=0.83; 5y DFS 42% vs 43%, P=0.75. Oncologic equivalence at 5 years.

Population: Resectable intrathoracic esophageal cancer (~80% received neoadjuvant CRT), 5-year follow-up